Over the past three decades, the global prevalence of diabetes has risen to record levels. There has been a corresponding increase in the use of the glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test to assess or detect diabetes. An increasing number of underwriters are now also considering using HbA1c as a good blood biomarker for mortality. 

Quite simply, hematuria is defined as the presence of blood in the urine. It can be obvious to the clinician (frank hematuria) or not visible to the naked eye (microscopic hematuria). The large majority of instances in insurance underwriting are picked up incidentally from the submitted urine sample. The critical question then is which cases are significant, which have benign causes, and which need additional investigation before underwriting can continue.

The center questions the use of factors such as employment class and education level in marketing, underwriting and pricing.